SECTION: A
Physical Chemistry
UNIT 1: Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry:
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Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic
theory: Concept of atom, molecule,
element and compound: Physical
quantities and their measurements in
Chemistry, precision and accuracy,
significant figures. S.I.Units, dimensional
analysis: Laws of chemical combination;
Atomic and molecular masses, mole
concept, molar mass, percentage
composition, empirical and molecular
formulae: Chemical equations and
stoichiometry.
UNIT 2: States of Matter:
Classification of matter into solid, liquid and gaseous states.
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Gaseous State:Measurable properties of gases: Gas laws -
Boyle's law, Charle's law. Graham's law of
diffusion. Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of
partial pressure; Concept of Absolute scale
of temperature; Ideal gas equation; Kinetic
theory of gases (only postulates); Concept
of average, root mean square and most
probable velocities; Real gases, deviation
from Ideal behaviour, compressibility
factor and van der Waals equation.
-
Liquid State: Properties of liquids - vapour pressure,
viscosity and surface tension and effect of
temperature on them (qualitative treatment
only).
-
Solid State: Classification of solids: molecular, ionic,
covalent and metallic solids, amorphous
and crystalline solids (elementary idea);
Bragg's Law and its applications: Unit cell
and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and
hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving
unit cell parameters, an imperfection in
solids; Electrical and magnetic properties.
UNIT 3: Atomic Structure:
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Thomson and Rutherford atomic models
and their limitations; Nature of
electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric
effect; Spectrum of the hydrogen atom.
Bohr model of a hydrogen atom - its
postulates, derivation of the relations for
the energy of the electron and radii of the
different orbits, limitations of Bohr's
model; Dual nature of matter, de Broglie's
relationship. Heisenberg uncertainty
principle. Elementary ideas of quantum
mechanics, quantum mechanics, the
quantum mechanical model of the atom, its
important features. Concept of atomic
orbitals as one-electron wave functions:
Variation of \(\psi \) and \({{\psi }^{2}}\) with r for 1s and 2s
orbitals; various.
quantum numbers (principal, angular
momentum and magnetic quantum
numbers) and their significance; shapes of
s, p and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin
quantum number: Rules for filling
electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle.
Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule,
electronic configuration of elements, extra
stability of half-filled and completely filled
orbitals.
UNIT4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure:
-
Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond
formation, the concept of ionic and
covalent bonds.
Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds,
factors affecting the formation of ionic
bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy
Covalent Bonding:Concept of
electronegativity. Fajan's rule, dipole
moment: Valence Shell Electron Pair
Repulsion (VSEPR ) theory and shapes of
simple molecules.
Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding:Valence bond theory - its important features, the concept of
hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals;
Resonance.
Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important
features. LCAOs, types of molecular
orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and
pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic
configurations of homonuclear diatomic
molecules, the concept of bond order, bond
length and bond energy.
Elementary idea of metallic bonding.
Hydrogen bonding and its applications.
UNIT 5: Chemical Thermodynamics:
Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System
and surroundings, extensive and intensive
properties, state functions, types of
processes.
-
The First law of thermodynamics: Concept of work, heat internal energy and
enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat
capacity; Hess's law of constant heat
summation; Enthalpies of bond
dissociation, combustion, formation,
atomization, sublimation, phase transition,
hydration, ionization and solution.
-
The Second law of thermodynamics: Spontaneity of processes; ?S of the
universe and ?G of the system as criteria
for spontaneity. ?G? (Standard Gibbs
energy change) and equilibrium constant.
UNIT6: Solutions:
-
Different methods for expressing the
concentration of solution - molality,
molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by
volume and mass both), the vapour
pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law -
Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour
pressure - composition, plots for ideal and
non-ideal solutions; Colligative properties
of dilute solutions - a relative lowering of
vapour pressure, depression of freezing
point, the elevation of boiling point and
osmotic pressure; Determination of
molecular mass using colligative
properties; Abnormal value of molar mass,
van't Hoff factor and its significance.
UNIT 7: Equilibrium
Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of
dynamic equilibrium.
-
Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid - gas and solid-gas
equilibria, Henry's law. General
characteristics of equilibrium involving
physical processes.
-
Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium,
equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their
significance, the significance of \(\Delta G\) and \(\Delta {{G}^{0}}\) in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting
equilibrium concentration, pressure,
temperature, the effect of catalyst; Le
Chatelier's principle.
-
Ionic Equilibrium: Weak and strong
electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes,
various concepts of acids and bases
(Arrhenius. Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis)
and their ionization, acid-base equilibria
(including multistage ionization) and
ionization constants, ionization of water.
pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of
salts and pH of their solutions, the
solubility of sparingly soluble salts and
solubility products, buffer solutions.
UNIT 8: Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry:
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Electronic concepts of oxidation and
reduction, redox reactions, oxidation
number, rules for assigning oxidation
number, balancing of redox reactions.
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Electrolytic and metallic conduction,
conductance in electrolytic solutions,
molar conductivities and their variation
with concentration: Kohlrausch's law and
its applications.
-
Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of
electrodes, electrode potentials including
standard electrode potential, half - cell and
cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and
its measurement: Nernst equation and its
applications; Relationship between cell
potential and Gibbs' energy change: Dry
cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells.
UNIT 9: Chemical Kinetics:
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Rate of a chemical reaction, factors
affecting the rate of reactions:
concentration, temperature, pressure and
catalyst; elementary and complex
reactions, order and molecularity of
reactions, rate law, rate constant and its
units, differential and integral forms of
zero and first-order reactions, their
characteristics and half-lives, the effect of
temperature on the rate of reactions,
Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its
calculation, collision theory of bimolecular
gaseous reactions (no derivation).
UNIT-10: Surface Chemistry:
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Adsorption - Physisorption and
chemisorption and their characteristics,
factors affecting adsorption of gases on
solids - Freundlich and Langmuir
adsorption isotherms, adsorption from
solutions.
-
Catalysis - Homogeneous and
heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of
solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its
mechanism.
-
Colloidal state - Distinction among true
solutions, colloids and suspensions,
classification of colloids - lyophilic.
lyophobic; multimolecular.
macromolecular and associated colloids
(micelles), preparation and properties of
colloids - Tyndall effect. Brownian
movement, electrophoresis, dialysis,
coagulation and flocculation: Emulsions
and their characteristics
SECTION - B
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT 11: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties:
-
Modem periodic law and present form of
the periodic table, s, p. d and f block
elements, periodic trends in properties of
elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization
enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence,
oxidation states and chemical reactivity.
UNIT 12: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Metals:
-
Modes of occurrence of elements in nature,
minerals, ores; Steps involved in the
extraction of metals - concentration,
reduction (chemical and electrolytic
methods) and refining with special
reference to the extraction of Al. Cu, Zn
and Fe; Thermodynamic and
electrochemical principles involved in the
extraction of metals
UNIT 13: Hydrogen:
-
Position of hydrogen in periodic table,
isotopes, preparation, properties and uses
of hydrogen; Physical and chemical
properties of water and heavy water;
Structure, preparation, reactions and uses
of hydrogen peroxide; Classification of
hydrides - ionic, covalent and interstitial;
Hydrogen as a fuel
UNIT 14: S - Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)
Group - I and 2 Elements
-
General introduction, electronic
configuration and general trends in
physical and chemical properties of
elements, anomalous properties of the first
element of each group, diagonal
relationships.
-
Preparation and properties of some
important compounds - sodium carbonate
and sodium hydroxide and sodium
hydrogen carbonate; Industrial uses of
lime, limestone. Plaster of Paris and
cement: Biological significance of Na, K.
Mg and Ca.
UNIT 15: P- Block Elements:
Group -13 to Group 18 Elements
-
General Introduction: Electronic
configuration and general trends in
physical and chemical properties of
elements across the periods and down the
groups; unique behaviour of the first
element in each group.
GroupWise study of the p - block elements
Group - 13
-
Preparation, properties and uses of boron
and aluminium; Structure, properties and
uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron
trifluoride, aluminium chloride and alums.
Group - 14
-
The tendency for catenation; Structure,
properties and uses of Allotropes and
oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride,
silicates, zeolites and silicones.
Group - 15
-
Properties and uses of nitrogen and
phosphorus; Allotrophic forms of
phosphorus; Preparation, properties,
structure and uses of ammonia, nitric acid,
phosphine and phosphorus halides \(\left( PC{{l}_{3}},\text{ }PCl{{ }_{3}} \right);\), Structures of oxides and oxoacids of
nitrogen and phosphorus.
Group - 16
-
Preparation, properties, structures and uses
of ozone: Allotropic forms of sulphur;
Preparation, properties, structures and uses
of sulphuric acid (including its industrial
preparation); Structures of oxoacids of
sulphur.
Group - 17
-
Preparation, properties and uses of
hydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic
nature of hydrogen halides; Structures of
Interhalogen compounds and oxides and
oxoacids of halogens.
Group - 18
-
Occurrence and uses of noble gases;
Structures of fluorides and oxides of
xenon.
UNIT 16: d- and f -Block Elements:
Transition Elements
-
General introduction, electronic
configuration, occurrence and
characteristics, general trends in properties
of the first-row transition elements -
physical properties, ionization enthalpy,
oxidation states, atomic radii, colour,
catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties,
complex formation, interstitial
compounds, alloy formation; Preparation,
properties and uses of \({{K}_{2}}\text{ }C{{r}_{2}}\text{ }{{\text{O}}_{7}}\) and \(KMn{{O}_{4}}\).
Inner Transition Elements
-
Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration,
oxidation states and lanthanoid
contraction.
-
Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.
UNIT 17: Co - Ordination Compounds:
-
Introduction to co-ordination compounds.
Werner's theory; ligands, co-ordination
number, denticity. chelation; IUPAC
nomenclature of mononuclear co--
ordination compounds, isomerism;
Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic
ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and
magnetic properties; Importance of co--
ordination compounds (in qualitative
analysis, extraction of metals and in
biological systems).
UNIT 18: Environmental Chemistry:
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Environmental pollution - Atmospheric, water and soil.
-
Atmospheric pollution - Tropospheric and Stratospheric
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Tropospheric pollutants - Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and Sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention; Greenhouse effect and Global warming; Acid rain;
-
Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects and prevention.
-
Stratospheric pollution - Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer - its mechanism and effects.
-
Water Pollution - Major pollutants such as, pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention.
-
Soil pollution - Major pollutants such as: Pesticides (insecticides, herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention. Strategies to control environmental pollution.
SECTION-C
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT 19: Purification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds:
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Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography - principles and their applications.
-
Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, Sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.
-
Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) -Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, Sulphur, phosphorus.
Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis.
UNIT 20: Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry:
Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple
molecules - hybridization (s and p):
Classification of organic compounds based
on functional groups: and those containing
halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur;
Homologous series: Isomerism - structural
and stereoisomerism.
Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
-
Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and
heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and
carbanions; stability of carbocations and
free radicals, electrophiles and
nucleophiles.
-
Electronic displacement in a covalent bond
- Inductive effect, electromeric effect,
resonance and hyperconjugation.
-
Common types of organic reactions Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement.
UNIT 21: Hydrocarbons:
Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.
-
Alkanes- Conformations: Sawhorse and
Newman projections (of ethane):
Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.
-
Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism:
Mechanism of electrophilic addition:
addition of hydrogen, halogens, water,
hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and
peroxide effect): Ozonolysis and
polymerization.
-
Alkynes - Acidic character: Addition of
hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen
halides: Polymerization.
-
Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature,
benzene - structure and aromaticity:
Mechanism of electrophilic substitution:
halogenation, nitration.
Friedel - Craft's alkylation and acylation,
directive influence of the functional group
in mono-substituted benzene.
UNIT 22: Organic Compounds Containing Halogenes:
-
General methods of preparation, properties
and reactions; Nature of C-X bond;
Mechanisms of substitution reactions.
Uses: Environmental effects of
chloroform, iodoform freons and DDT.
UNIT 23: Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen:
General methods of preparation,
properties, reactions and uses.
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
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Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration.
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Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer - Tiemann reaction.
-
Ethers: Structure.
-
Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to > C = 0 group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of \(HCN,\text{ }N{{H}_{3}}\) and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation; reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of \(\alpha \)-hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction; Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.
Carboxilic Acids
Acidic strength and factors affecting it.
UNIT 24: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
-
General methods of preparation.
Properties, reactions and uses.
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Amines: Nomenclature, classification
structure, basic character and identification
of primary, secondary and tertiary amines
and their basic character.
-
Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
UNIT 25: Polymers
-
General introduction and classification of
polymers, general methods of polymerization - Addition and condensation, copolymerization.
-
Natural and synthetic, rubber and
vulcanization, some important polymers
with emphasis on their monomers and uses
- polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite.
UNIT 26: Biomolecules
-
General introduction and importance of biomolecules.
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CARBOHYDRATES - Classification;
aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides
(glucose and fructose) and constituent
monosaccharides of oligosaccharides
(sucrose, lactose and maltose).
-
PROTEINS - Elementary Idea of ?-amino
acids, peptide bond, polypeptides.
Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and
quaternary structure (qualitative idea
only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
-
VITAMINS - Classification and functions.
-
NUCLEIC ACIDS - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA.
-
Biological functions of nucleic acids.
UNIT 27: Chemistry in Everyday Life
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Chemicals in Medicines - Analgesics,
tranquillizers, antiseptics, disinfectants,
antimicrobials, anti-fertility drugs,
antibiotics, antacids. Anti-histamines -
their meaning and common examples.
-
Chemicals in food - Preservatives,
artificial sweetening agents - common
examples.
-
Cleansing agents - Soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
UNIT 28: Principles Related to Practical Chemistry
-
Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen,
Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds;
Detection of the following functional
groups; hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic),
carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl
and amino groups in organic compounds.
-
The chemistry involved in the preparation
of the following:
Inorganic compounds: Mohr's salt, potash
alum.
Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro
acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
-
The chemistry involved in the titrimetric
exercises - Acids, bases and the use of
indicators, oxalic-acid vs \(KMn{{0}_{4}}\) Mohr's salt vs \(KMn{{0}_{4}}\).
-
Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:
Cations -\(P{{b}^{2+}}\text{, C}{{\text{u}}^{2+}},\,\,A{{l}^{3}},\text{ }F{{e}^{3+}},\text{ }Z{{n}^{2+}},\text{ }N{{i}^{2+}},\text{ }C{{a}^{2+}},\text{ }B{{a}^{2+}},\text{ }M{{g}^{2+}},\text{ }NH_{4}^{+}.\)
Anions - \(CO_{3}^{2-},\,\,\,{{S}^{2-}},\,SO_{4}^{2-},\text{ }NO_{3}^{-},\text{ }NO_{2}^{-},\text{ }C{{l}^{-}},\text{ }B{{r}^{-}},\text{ }{{\text{I}}^{-}}.\)
(Insoluble salts excluded).
-
Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:
-
Enthalpy of solution of \(CuS{{O}_{4}}\)
-
Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
-
Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
-
Kinetic study of reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.